History of computer hardware
picCharles Babbage was an English mathematician nation. He created a calculating machine called a difference engine in 1822. The machine was used to calculate mathematical tables.
in 1833, Charles Babbage difference engine to develop more so-called analytical engine that can perform any calculations. So this machine is known as the General Purpose Digital Computer. Beliaupun considered the father of modern computer because very large contribution to the world.
in 1937, Prof. Howard Aikem, a mathematician from Harvard University. He designed the penbuatan a computer capable of performing arithmetic and logic operations automatically.
In 1944, Prof. Howard Aikem worked with IBM company completed electronically kompute named "Harvard Mark I, Controlle Automatic Sequence Calculator (ASCC). In the development computer is divided into several genarasi, according to the ability (capability), cost (efficiency), and use easy yan (user frendly).
Generation 1: the years 1946-1956, this generation is relying on vacuum tube chamber (vacuum tube). This computer needs room spacious, capable and well-known low-power heat. Storage size is only about + / - 2000 bytes and to run the program and printing is still done manually.
Generation 2: in the year 1957-1963. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in storing and processing information. Transistors form smaller, not so hot and mengkomsusikan little energy. Berkapasistas storage size of 32 kb with 20000-30000 speed commands per second.
Generation 3: in the year 1964-1975. Itergrated circuit (IC) has begun to be used on the computer. The size of 2 megabytes of storage capacity with speed + / - 5 million per second. This generation also introduced a software technology that is easy to use.
Generation 4: 1980-present. Computers have been using technology "Very Large-Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSIC). In a chip, this technology is able to accommodate millions of circuits. This chip is called the microprocessor. Size has a large capacity storage with speeds millions of orders per second.
Understanding of hardware or in the Indonesian language is also called the name of the hardware is one component of a computer that is the nature of his instrument can be seen and touched by humans in the form of direct or real, which serves to support the process of computerization.
Hardware can work on orders that have been determined there is to it, or also referred to by the term instruction sets. With the commands that can be understood by the hardware, the hardware can perform a variety of activities that have been specified by the command.
Physically, the computer consists of several components, which is a system. The system is the components work together to form a union. If one component does not work, will result in the malfunction of a computer properly. Computer components are included in the category of hardware elements (hardware). Based on its function, the computer hardware is divided into:
1. divice input (input units)
2. Process devices (processing units)
3. Output devices (unit output)
4. Backing Storage (storage unit)
5. Peripherals (additional unit)
basic components of a computer that consists of input, process, output and storage.Input device consists of a keyboard and mouse, Process devices are microprocessor (ALU, Internal Communication, Registers and Control section), Output devices consist of a monitor and printer, external memory storage consists of hard disk, floppy drive, CD ROM, magnetic tape. Internal storage memory comprises RAM and ROM. While Peripheral Device component is an additional component or as a component that does not exist or not exist previously. Peripheral Component's an example: TV Tuner Card, Modem, Capture Card.
1. Input Unit (Input Device)
This unit serves as a medium for entering data from the outside in a memory and processor to be processed to produce the required information. Input devices or input units are commonly used personal computers (PCs) is a keyboard and mouse, keyboard and mouse is a unit that connects the user (users) with a computer. In addition there is the joystick, which is used for playing games or games with the computer. Then the scanner, to take pictures as digital images that can later be manipulated. Touch panel, using a finger touch user can perform a file access process. Microphone, to record the sound into the computer.
Serves as a media input device to input data from external systems into a memory and processor to be processed and produce the necessary information. Data entered into the computer system to form an input signal and maintenance inputs. Signal input form data entered into the computer system, while maintenance input shaped the program used to process the data entered. So in addition to input devices used to input data can also be used to enter the program. Based on its nature, the input devices can be classified into two namely:
• peratalan direct input, the input is entered directly processed by the processing equipment. For example: keyboard, mouse, touch screen, light pen, digitizer graphics tablet, scanner.
• Equipment indirect input, input via a particular medium before an input is processed by the processing equipment. Examples: punched cards, floppy disks, hard disk.
Units input or the input device is composed of several kinds of devices are:
a. Keyboard
The keyboard is the most important input unit in a data processing by computer. The keyboard can function enter letters, numbers, special characters and as a medium for the user (users) to perform other commands are needed, such as saving files and opening files. Creation of a computer keyboard comes from the typewriter model created and patented by Christopher Latham in 1868, and in 1887 the company produced and marketed by Remington. Digunakanan current keyboard is a QWERTY type, in 1973, the keyboard is inaugurated as the standard keyboard ISO (International Standards Organization). Number of keys on the keyboard this time amounted to 104 keys. Keyboard now that we know has some kind of port, ie serial port, ps2, usb and wireless.picture-211.jpg
qwerty keyboard
Keyboard Types:
1.) QWERTY
2.) Dvorak
3.) KLOCKENBERG
The keyboard is usually used is a QWERTY style keyboard, which is shaped like keys on a typewriter. QWERTY keyboard has four parts:
1. typewriter key
2. numeric key
3. function key
4. special function keys.
b. Mouse
Mouse is one unit of input (input device). The function of this tool is to move the pointer or cursor quickly. Also, it can as a practical command and faster than with a keyboard.Mouse began to use the most since the operating system has been based GUI (Graphical User Interface). electrical signals as a mouse input device is generated by a small ball inside the mouse, in accordance with the shifts or movement. Most of the mouse consists of three buttons, typically only two buttons are used, namely the left and right buttons. When this mouse is also equipped with rollers button (scroll), where the location of this button located in the middle. The term suppression is called by clicking the left button (Click) where the emphasis is going to function when the mouse is at a designated object, but if not in a designated object of this emphasis will be ignored. In addition there is also another term called the move (drag) that is pressing the left mouse button without releasing it with while being moved. This drag will cause the object will be moved or copied to another object and other possibilities. The emphasis of the left mouse button twice quickly and regularly called on double click (double click) while pressing the right mouse button once called the right-click (right click) Mouse consists of several ports of serial mouse, mouse ps / 2, usb and wireless .mouse
mouse devices
Wireless Mouse
c. Touchpad
These enter the unit can usually be found on laptops and notebooks, by using the touch of a finger. Usually, this unit can be used instead of a mouse. In addition to the touchpad is a kind of model units that enter the pointing stick and trackpad.picture-213a.jpg
Touch Padpicture-213b.jpg
Touch Pad Track Ballimage-213c.jpg
Pointing Stick
d. Light Pen
Light pen is an electronic pointer is used to modify and to design an image with a screen (monitor). Light pen has a sensor that can transmit light signals to a computer which is then recorded, which monitors work by recording six electronic signals of each line per second.picture-214.jpg
Light Pen device
e. Joy Stick and Paddle Games
It is usually used in the game (games) computer. Joy Stick usually rod-shaped, while the games are usually paddle-shaped or square box made of plastic are equipped with buttons that will govern the motion of an object in a computer.picture-215.jpg
Figure Joy Stick and Paddle Games
f. Barcode
Barcode included in the input unit (input device). The function of this tool is to read a code shaped boxes or thick vertical lines are then translated in the form of numbers.These codes are usually attached to food products, beverages, electronic equipment and books. Today, every cashier in a supermarket or supermarket in Indonesia to identify the products it sells with a barcode.picture-217.jpg
Barcode Readerpicture-216.jpg
barcode sample
Barcode Images
g. Scanners
Scanner is a device that can function to copy or copy images or text which is then stored into computer memory. From next computer memory, stored in the hard disk or floppy disk. This scanner functions like copy machines, photocopiers difference is that the result can be seen on paper while the scanner results can be displayed through the monitor in advance so we can make repairs or modifications and then can be restored either in the form of text files and image files. In addition there is also an image scanner to scan commonly used to detect the computer answer sheet. Scanner which is used to scan the computer answer sheet is SCAN IR used to LJK (Computer Answer Sheet) in general tests and the National Examination. Scan type consists of light called optical sensors, which can recognize the type 2B pencil. Scanner on the market is a scanner to copy a picture or photo and usually also equipped with OCR (Optical Character Recognition) to copy or copy objects in the form of text.picture-218.jpg
Scanners
When this has been developed scanner technology with DMR (Digital Mark Reader), with a work system similar to the scanner to the computer answer sheet correction, biographical data and forms such as forms for school choice. With the DMR is not the answer sheets must be answered uses pencils 2 B, but can use other stationery such as pens and markers, and can use plain paper.
h. Digital Cameras
Technological development has been so sophisticated that computers capable of receiving input from the camera. This camera is called Digital Camera with better picture quality and better than I copy the image using a scanner. Sharpness of images from digital cameras is determined by the pixel. The ease and practicality of this tool is very helpful many activities and jobs. Digital cameras do not need a movie camera as usual. Pictures taken with digital cameras stored in the camera memory in the form of files, and can be moved or transferred to a computer. Digital cameras on the market today there are various types, ranging from the type of camera to take a static image up to a camera that can recording moving images as well as live or video.picture-219.jpg
digital cameras
i. Microphones and Headphones
Input units serves to record sound or insert that will be stored in computer memory or to listen to the sound. With a microphone, we can record sounds or to speak to the people we want at chat. Use of this microphone would require other hardware which receives voice input of sound card and speakers to listen to the voice.picture-220.jpg
headphones
j. Graphics Pads
Technology Computer Aided Design (CAD) to create the design of buildings, houses, car engines, and aircraft by using the Graphics Pads. Graphics is an input input pads for drawing objects on the monitor. Graphics pads used to have two types. First, using a needle (stylus) that is connected to a pad or cushion using a low voltage, which in these pads are touch sensitive membrane surface (touch sensitive membrane surface). Low voltage that is sent is then translated into coordinates X - Y. Second, using a touch sensitive pad (touch sensitive pad) without using a needle. The way it works is to put on pads of drawing paper, and then written in pencil.
Additional references from: rudihd.wordpress.com
picCharles Babbage was an English mathematician nation. He created a calculating machine called a difference engine in 1822. The machine was used to calculate mathematical tables.
in 1833, Charles Babbage difference engine to develop more so-called analytical engine that can perform any calculations. So this machine is known as the General Purpose Digital Computer. Beliaupun considered the father of modern computer because very large contribution to the world.
in 1937, Prof. Howard Aikem, a mathematician from Harvard University. He designed the penbuatan a computer capable of performing arithmetic and logic operations automatically.
In 1944, Prof. Howard Aikem worked with IBM company completed electronically kompute named "Harvard Mark I, Controlle Automatic Sequence Calculator (ASCC). In the development computer is divided into several genarasi, according to the ability (capability), cost (efficiency), and use easy yan (user frendly).
Generation 1: the years 1946-1956, this generation is relying on vacuum tube chamber (vacuum tube). This computer needs room spacious, capable and well-known low-power heat. Storage size is only about + / - 2000 bytes and to run the program and printing is still done manually.
Generation 2: in the year 1957-1963. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in storing and processing information. Transistors form smaller, not so hot and mengkomsusikan little energy. Berkapasistas storage size of 32 kb with 20000-30000 speed commands per second.
Generation 3: in the year 1964-1975. Itergrated circuit (IC) has begun to be used on the computer. The size of 2 megabytes of storage capacity with speed + / - 5 million per second. This generation also introduced a software technology that is easy to use.
Generation 4: 1980-present. Computers have been using technology "Very Large-Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSIC). In a chip, this technology is able to accommodate millions of circuits. This chip is called the microprocessor. Size has a large capacity storage with speeds millions of orders per second.
Understanding of hardware or in the Indonesian language is also called the name of the hardware is one component of a computer that is the nature of his instrument can be seen and touched by humans in the form of direct or real, which serves to support the process of computerization.
Hardware can work on orders that have been determined there is to it, or also referred to by the term instruction sets. With the commands that can be understood by the hardware, the hardware can perform a variety of activities that have been specified by the command.
Physically, the computer consists of several components, which is a system. The system is the components work together to form a union. If one component does not work, will result in the malfunction of a computer properly. Computer components are included in the category of hardware elements (hardware). Based on its function, the computer hardware is divided into:
1. divice input (input units)
2. Process devices (processing units)
3. Output devices (unit output)
4. Backing Storage (storage unit)
5. Peripherals (additional unit)
basic components of a computer that consists of input, process, output and storage.Input device consists of a keyboard and mouse, Process devices are microprocessor (ALU, Internal Communication, Registers and Control section), Output devices consist of a monitor and printer, external memory storage consists of hard disk, floppy drive, CD ROM, magnetic tape. Internal storage memory comprises RAM and ROM. While Peripheral Device component is an additional component or as a component that does not exist or not exist previously. Peripheral Component's an example: TV Tuner Card, Modem, Capture Card.
1. Input Unit (Input Device)
This unit serves as a medium for entering data from the outside in a memory and processor to be processed to produce the required information. Input devices or input units are commonly used personal computers (PCs) is a keyboard and mouse, keyboard and mouse is a unit that connects the user (users) with a computer. In addition there is the joystick, which is used for playing games or games with the computer. Then the scanner, to take pictures as digital images that can later be manipulated. Touch panel, using a finger touch user can perform a file access process. Microphone, to record the sound into the computer.
Serves as a media input device to input data from external systems into a memory and processor to be processed and produce the necessary information. Data entered into the computer system to form an input signal and maintenance inputs. Signal input form data entered into the computer system, while maintenance input shaped the program used to process the data entered. So in addition to input devices used to input data can also be used to enter the program. Based on its nature, the input devices can be classified into two namely:
• peratalan direct input, the input is entered directly processed by the processing equipment. For example: keyboard, mouse, touch screen, light pen, digitizer graphics tablet, scanner.
• Equipment indirect input, input via a particular medium before an input is processed by the processing equipment. Examples: punched cards, floppy disks, hard disk.
Units input or the input device is composed of several kinds of devices are:
a. Keyboard
The keyboard is the most important input unit in a data processing by computer. The keyboard can function enter letters, numbers, special characters and as a medium for the user (users) to perform other commands are needed, such as saving files and opening files. Creation of a computer keyboard comes from the typewriter model created and patented by Christopher Latham in 1868, and in 1887 the company produced and marketed by Remington. Digunakanan current keyboard is a QWERTY type, in 1973, the keyboard is inaugurated as the standard keyboard ISO (International Standards Organization). Number of keys on the keyboard this time amounted to 104 keys. Keyboard now that we know has some kind of port, ie serial port, ps2, usb and wireless.picture-211.jpg
qwerty keyboard
Keyboard Types:
1.) QWERTY
2.) Dvorak
3.) KLOCKENBERG
The keyboard is usually used is a QWERTY style keyboard, which is shaped like keys on a typewriter. QWERTY keyboard has four parts:
1. typewriter key
2. numeric key
3. function key
4. special function keys.
b. Mouse
Mouse is one unit of input (input device). The function of this tool is to move the pointer or cursor quickly. Also, it can as a practical command and faster than with a keyboard.Mouse began to use the most since the operating system has been based GUI (Graphical User Interface). electrical signals as a mouse input device is generated by a small ball inside the mouse, in accordance with the shifts or movement. Most of the mouse consists of three buttons, typically only two buttons are used, namely the left and right buttons. When this mouse is also equipped with rollers button (scroll), where the location of this button located in the middle. The term suppression is called by clicking the left button (Click) where the emphasis is going to function when the mouse is at a designated object, but if not in a designated object of this emphasis will be ignored. In addition there is also another term called the move (drag) that is pressing the left mouse button without releasing it with while being moved. This drag will cause the object will be moved or copied to another object and other possibilities. The emphasis of the left mouse button twice quickly and regularly called on double click (double click) while pressing the right mouse button once called the right-click (right click) Mouse consists of several ports of serial mouse, mouse ps / 2, usb and wireless .mouse
mouse devices
Wireless Mouse
c. Touchpad
These enter the unit can usually be found on laptops and notebooks, by using the touch of a finger. Usually, this unit can be used instead of a mouse. In addition to the touchpad is a kind of model units that enter the pointing stick and trackpad.picture-213a.jpg
Touch Padpicture-213b.jpg
Touch Pad Track Ballimage-213c.jpg
Pointing Stick
d. Light Pen
Light pen is an electronic pointer is used to modify and to design an image with a screen (monitor). Light pen has a sensor that can transmit light signals to a computer which is then recorded, which monitors work by recording six electronic signals of each line per second.picture-214.jpg
Light Pen device
e. Joy Stick and Paddle Games
It is usually used in the game (games) computer. Joy Stick usually rod-shaped, while the games are usually paddle-shaped or square box made of plastic are equipped with buttons that will govern the motion of an object in a computer.picture-215.jpg
Figure Joy Stick and Paddle Games
f. Barcode
Barcode included in the input unit (input device). The function of this tool is to read a code shaped boxes or thick vertical lines are then translated in the form of numbers.These codes are usually attached to food products, beverages, electronic equipment and books. Today, every cashier in a supermarket or supermarket in Indonesia to identify the products it sells with a barcode.picture-217.jpg
Barcode Readerpicture-216.jpg
barcode sample
Barcode Images
g. Scanners
Scanner is a device that can function to copy or copy images or text which is then stored into computer memory. From next computer memory, stored in the hard disk or floppy disk. This scanner functions like copy machines, photocopiers difference is that the result can be seen on paper while the scanner results can be displayed through the monitor in advance so we can make repairs or modifications and then can be restored either in the form of text files and image files. In addition there is also an image scanner to scan commonly used to detect the computer answer sheet. Scanner which is used to scan the computer answer sheet is SCAN IR used to LJK (Computer Answer Sheet) in general tests and the National Examination. Scan type consists of light called optical sensors, which can recognize the type 2B pencil. Scanner on the market is a scanner to copy a picture or photo and usually also equipped with OCR (Optical Character Recognition) to copy or copy objects in the form of text.picture-218.jpg
Scanners
When this has been developed scanner technology with DMR (Digital Mark Reader), with a work system similar to the scanner to the computer answer sheet correction, biographical data and forms such as forms for school choice. With the DMR is not the answer sheets must be answered uses pencils 2 B, but can use other stationery such as pens and markers, and can use plain paper.
h. Digital Cameras
Technological development has been so sophisticated that computers capable of receiving input from the camera. This camera is called Digital Camera with better picture quality and better than I copy the image using a scanner. Sharpness of images from digital cameras is determined by the pixel. The ease and practicality of this tool is very helpful many activities and jobs. Digital cameras do not need a movie camera as usual. Pictures taken with digital cameras stored in the camera memory in the form of files, and can be moved or transferred to a computer. Digital cameras on the market today there are various types, ranging from the type of camera to take a static image up to a camera that can recording moving images as well as live or video.picture-219.jpg
digital cameras
i. Microphones and Headphones
Input units serves to record sound or insert that will be stored in computer memory or to listen to the sound. With a microphone, we can record sounds or to speak to the people we want at chat. Use of this microphone would require other hardware which receives voice input of sound card and speakers to listen to the voice.picture-220.jpg
headphones
j. Graphics Pads
Technology Computer Aided Design (CAD) to create the design of buildings, houses, car engines, and aircraft by using the Graphics Pads. Graphics is an input input pads for drawing objects on the monitor. Graphics pads used to have two types. First, using a needle (stylus) that is connected to a pad or cushion using a low voltage, which in these pads are touch sensitive membrane surface (touch sensitive membrane surface). Low voltage that is sent is then translated into coordinates X - Y. Second, using a touch sensitive pad (touch sensitive pad) without using a needle. The way it works is to put on pads of drawing paper, and then written in pencil.
Additional references from: rudihd.wordpress.com
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